Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Symptoms, Prevalance and Treatment of PMDD
This article offers an introduction to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a cyclical mood disorder that can severely impair the lives of sufferers.
PMDD, or premenstrual dysphoric disorder, is a mood disorder that affects women during the premenstrual phase of their cycle. It is often compared to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but is more severe, seriously impairing on the day-to-day functioning of sufferers.
Symptoms of PMDD
Symptoms are cyclical and appear in the two weeks prior to bleeding, which is a key factor in differentiating PMDD from other mood disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM –IV) has been criticized by researchers as the full list of symptoms may not accommodate complaints that are being expressed by sufferers. Some also argue that PMDD is a psychosocial issue of female sexuality and should therefore not be classed as a psychiatric disorder.
Here are some of the symptoms that a sufferer of PMDD may experience:
- Feelings of sadness and/or hopelessness
- Sudden shifts in mood, tearfulness
- Loss of interest in daily activities
- Feeling tired, lacking in energy
- Changes in appetite, cravings
- Feelings of anxiety and tension
- Feelings of anger and/or irritability
- Feeling out of control, overwhelmed
- Difficulty concentrating
- Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or oversleeping
- Physical discomfort: bloating, headaches, joint and muscle pains
Who Is Affected by PMDD?
PMDD affects 3-8% of women worldwide though undoubtedly there may be cases that are difficult to diagnose. It may affect menstruating women of all ages and, like many mood disorders, determining a cause is not easy. There are many theories and these include ideas relating to circadian rhythm issues, hormonal imbalances and the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. Women with a history of mood disorders are considered to be more vulnerable to developing PMDD.
Treatment and Management of PMDD
Although PMDD is recognized as an area requiring more research, many treatment and management options have been identified. While some treatments can be implemented from home, it is always advisable to speak to a doctor. Some health problems, such as thyroid issues, may present with similar symptoms to PMDD and it is important to rule these out.
Talking to friends and relatives can be valuable, as can keeping a record of symptoms. Changes in lifestyle such as taking up exercise and reducing salt, caffeine and alcohol intake may also be worthwhile. There is some evidence to support that a diet including complex carbohydrates may help to reduce symptoms.
There are many medical interventions for PMDD. Studies have shown certain antidepressants in the group named SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to be the most effective. Some may like to try hormonal contraceptives, though results of these have been varied and some may experience adverse effects. Some vitamins and minerals, including calcium and magnesium, have shown to be beneficial to some women. There are other hormonal therapies available in extreme cases, and sometimes even surgical removal of the womb and ovaries is a possibility.
Other interventions that may offer some relief include evening bright light therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation therapy and coping skills training.
Read Managing Depression for more information on how to deal with symptoms of depression. The Facts for Health website offer factsheets specifically on managing PMDD. Those experiencing symptoms should contact a qualified health practitioner for more advice.
Sources
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: E-Medecine, accessed 1st March 2008, author - Htay, T
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): HealthyPlace.com, accessed 1st March 2008, no author specified
